While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.
• It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
• Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
• Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid gallium.
• Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the mixture).

In her poetry collection Thomas and Beulah, Rita Dove interweaves the titular characters’ personal stories with broader historical narratives. She places Thomas’s journey from the American South to the Midwest in the early 1900s within the larger context of the Great Migration. ______blank Dove sets events from Beulah’s personal life against the backdrop of the US Civil Rights Movement.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.
• The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.
• In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly.”
• Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.
• One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.

In 1873, Spanish scientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal observed that brain fibers have distinct boundaries with clear end points, a finding that went against earlier assumptions about the brain. ______blank scientists had assumed that the brain was a continuous web of fused fibers, not a vast network of distinct, individual cells. 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Azores is a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal.
• Historians have long believed that in the fifteenth century Portuguese mariners were the first humans to populate the Azores.
• A 2015 study coauthored by Sofia Gabriel and Maria da Luz Mathias found that Vikings from Scandinavia may have populated the Azores as early as the ninth century.
• The researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in the Azores and house mice in Scandinavia.
• House mice may have traveled from Scandinavia to the Azores on Viking ships.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.
• Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing.
• Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.
• It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create backdrops for theater sets.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Muckrakers were journalists who sought to expose corruption in US institutions during the Progressive Era (1897–1920).
• Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who investigated the Standard Oil Company.
• She interviewed Standard Oil Company executives, oil industry workers, and public officials.
• She examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications, including letters and financial records.
• Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the company’s unfair business practices.

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer from England who toured the US three times in the early 1900s. The child of a West African father and an English mother, Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. For example, he referred to himself as Anglo-African. ______blank he incorporated the sounds of traditional African music into his classical music compositions.

Most of the planets that have been discovered outside our solar system orbit G-type stars, like our Sun. In 2014, ______blank researchers identified a planet orbiting KELT-9, a B-type star more than twice as massive and nearly twice as hot as the Sun. Called KELT-9b, it is one of the hottest planets ever discovered.

Because an achiral molecule is symmetrical, flipping it yields a structurally identical molecule. A flipped chiral molecule, ______blank can be compared to a glove that has been turned inside out: it produces a structurally inverted molecule rather than an identical one.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2018 researchers Adwait Deshpande, Shreejata Gupta, and Anindya Sinha were observing wild macaques in India’s Bandipur National Park.
• They saw macaques calling out to and gesturing at humans who were eating or carrying food.
• They designed a study to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to persuade the humans to share their food.
• In the study trials, macaques frequently called out to and gestured at humans holding food.
• In the study trials, macaques called out to and gestured at empty-handed humans less frequently.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Species belonging to the Orchidaceae (orchid) family can be found in both tropical and temperate environments.
• Orchidaceae species diversity has not been well studied in temperate forests, such as those in Oaxaca, Mexico.
• Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández led a study to determine how many different Orchidaceae species are present in the forests of Oaxaca.
• Muñoz-Hernández and her team collected orchids each month for a year at a site in Oaxaca.
• Seventy-four Orchidaceae species were present at the site.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Organisms release cellular material into their environment by shedding substances such as hair or skin.
• The DNA in these substances is known as environmental DNA, or eDNA.
• Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to detect the presence of species that are difficult to observe.
• Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research team analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades to detect invasive constrictor snake species in the area.
• The study determined a 91% probability of detecting Burmese python eDNA in a given location.

In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn’t make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. ______blank in 1983, the bill passed.

Some members of the US Supreme Court have resisted calls to televise the court’s oral arguments, concerned that the participants would be tempted to perform for the cameras (and thus lower the quality of the discourse). ______blank the justices worry that most viewers would not even watch the full deliberations, only short clips that could be misinterpreted and mischaracterized.