While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
• Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
• Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
• These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
• Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song popularity.

In 1873, Spanish scientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal observed that brain fibers have distinct boundaries with clear end points, a finding that went against earlier assumptions about the brain. ______blank scientists had assumed that the brain was a continuous web of fused fibers, not a vast network of distinct, individual cells. 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq.
• It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s knowledge.
• Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere and translated them into Arabic.
• Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata.
• The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared.

A potter choosing which type of clay to use for a piece considers two key factors: the desired look of the piece and its intended use. ______blank earthenware clay is often used for decorative pieces because of its rustic look. This type of clay is not often used in industrial settings, though, because it is less durable than other clays.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Organisms release cellular material into their environment by shedding substances such as hair or skin.
• The DNA in these substances is known as environmental DNA, or eDNA.
• Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to detect the presence of species that are difficult to observe.
• Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research team analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades to detect invasive constrictor snake species in the area.
• The study determined a 91% probability of detecting Burmese python eDNA in a given location.

Jhumpa Lahiri’s story collection Interpreter of Maladies features multiple stories about romantic relationships. In “This Blessed House,” newlyweds argue over whether to replace items left by the previous owners of their new home. ______blank in “A Temporary Matter,” a husband and wife attempt to rekindle their relationship during a four-night blackout.

In her poetry collection Thomas and Beulah, Rita Dove interweaves the titular characters’ personal stories with broader historical narratives. She places Thomas’s journey from the American South to the Midwest in the early 1900s within the larger context of the Great Migration. ______blank Dove sets events from Beulah’s personal life against the backdrop of the US Civil Rights Movement.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
• The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
• It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
• It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under King James.
• Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found in the ruins of Quanhucun, a Chinese farming village.
• The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.
• A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had consumed large amounts of grain.
• The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may have been domesticated.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.
• Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing.
• Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.
• It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create backdrops for theater sets.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer.
• He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.
• He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1985.
• The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that Maloof made from walnut wood.
• The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back consists of seven spindle-like slats.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Jordan Bennett is a Mi’Kmaq visual artist.
• The Mi’Kmaq are a First Nations people in North America.
• Bennett’s paintings pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship and have been displayed in over 75 exhibitions.
• His 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.
• His 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Species belonging to the Orchidaceae (orchid) family can be found in both tropical and temperate environments.
• Orchidaceae species diversity has not been well studied in temperate forests, such as those in Oaxaca, Mexico.
• Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández led a study to determine how many different Orchidaceae species are present in the forests of Oaxaca.
• Muñoz-Hernández and her team collected orchids each month for a year at a site in Oaxaca.
• Seventy-four Orchidaceae species were present at the site.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Yellowstone is a national park in the northwest United States.
• In 1995, gray wolves were reintroduced into the park.
• Since then, the number of gray wolves in the park has stabilized at roughly 100.
• This number is believed to be the park’s carrying capacity.
• Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of a species that a specific environment’s resources can sustain over time.

Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to determine whether individuals can understand and respond to questions during REM sleep. She first taught volunteers eye movements they would use to respond to basic math problems while asleep (a single left-right eye movement indicated the number one). ______blank she attached electrodes to the volunteers’ faces to record their eye movements during sleep.