In 2019, researcher Patricia Jurado Gonzalez and food historian Nawal Nasrallah prepared a stew from a 4,000-year-old recipe found on a Mesopotamian clay tablet. When they tasted the dish, known as pašrūtum (“unwinding”), they found that it had a mild taste and inspired a sense of calm. ______blank the researchers, knowing that dishes were sometimes named after their intended effects, theorized that the dish’s name, “unwinding,” referred to its function: to help ancient diners relax.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Novelist Willa Cather grew up in Nebraska and attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
• Some of Cather’s best-known novels are set in Nebraska.
• Two such novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My Ántonia (1918).
• Cather’s novels describe the experiences of immigrants who settled in the Great Plains.

Jhumpa Lahiri’s story collection Interpreter of Maladies features multiple stories about romantic relationships. In “This Blessed House,” newlyweds argue over whether to replace items left by the previous owners of their new home. ______blank in “A Temporary Matter,” a husband and wife attempt to rekindle their relationship during a four-night blackout.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.
• The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.
• In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly.”
• Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.
• One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.

Okot p’Bitek’s poem Song of Lawino (1966) explores postcolonial Ugandan life through the eyes of a woman living in a rural village. With its vibrant imagery, bitingly satiric tone, and dexterous use of traditional Acholi song and phraseology, the poem inspired a generation of East African writers. ______blank those who adopted its style are often referred to as Okot School poets.  

In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn’t make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. ______blank in 1983, the bill passed.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present is a history book by Ojibwe author David Treuer.
• In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that “Treuer’s storytelling skills shine” and that the book is an “elegant handling of [a] complex narrative.”
• A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it “a marvel of research and storytelling.”
• A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it “a monumental achievement.”

In June, female loggerhead sea turtles will swim back to the sandy beaches where they were born to lay eggs of their own. First, the turtle will dig her nest in the sand. ______blank she will lay up to 100 eggs in the nest. Finally, she will cover it all with sand, before returning to the ocean.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• In 2013, paleontology professor Hesham Sallam and his students from Mansoura University in Egypt made a discovery.
• The team found a partial dinosaur skeleton at a site in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis.
• The skeleton belonged to a dinosaur species that lived approximately 80 million years ago.
• The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that discovered it.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2018 researchers Adwait Deshpande, Shreejata Gupta, and Anindya Sinha were observing wild macaques in India’s Bandipur National Park.
• They saw macaques calling out to and gesturing at humans who were eating or carrying food.
• They designed a study to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to persuade the humans to share their food.
• In the study trials, macaques frequently called out to and gestured at humans holding food.
• In the study trials, macaques called out to and gestured at empty-handed humans less frequently.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer.
• He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.
• He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1985.
• The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that Maloof made from walnut wood.
• The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back consists of seven spindle-like slats.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
• A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural properties.
• Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
• The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
• When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased, making the structures stiffer.

Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at the tips of the hairs on a spider’s leg. These spatulae temporarily bond with the atoms of whatever they touch. ______blank spiders are able to cling to and climb almost any surface.

As a young historian in the 1950s, Alixa Naff began interviewing fellow Arab American immigrants about their experiences straddling two cultures. Over the next few decades, Naff conducted more than 450 such interviews, also known as oral histories. ______blank she collected photographs and other artifacts that represented her subjects’ experiences.

Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to determine whether individuals can understand and respond to questions during REM sleep. She first taught volunteers eye movements they would use to respond to basic math problems while asleep (a single left-right eye movement indicated the number one). ______blank she attached electrodes to the volunteers’ faces to record their eye movements during sleep.