While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and 1794.
• It was the first private turnpike in the United States.
• It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania.
• It was sixty-two miles long.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer.
• He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.
• He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1985.
• The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that Maloof made from walnut wood.
• The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back consists of seven spindle-like slats.

Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873–1908) varied his focus and tone depending on the genre in which he was writing. In his poetry, he used heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and peacefulness of his natural surroundings; in his journalism, ______blank he employed humor and satire to comment on political issues affecting his Muskogee Creek community.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Yellowstone is a national park in the northwest United States.
• In 1995, gray wolves were reintroduced into the park.
• Since then, the number of gray wolves in the park has stabilized at roughly 100.
• This number is believed to be the park’s carrying capacity.
• Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of a species that a specific environment’s resources can sustain over time.

Etched into Peru’s Nazca Desert are line drawings so large that they can only be fully seen from high above. Archaeologists have known of the lines since the 1920s, when a researcher spotted some from a nearby foothill, and they have been studying the markings ever since. ______blank archaeologists’ efforts are aided by drones that capture high-resolution aerial photographs of the lines.

In June, female loggerhead sea turtles will swim back to the sandy beaches where they were born to lay eggs of their own. First, the turtle will dig her nest in the sand. ______blank she will lay up to 100 eggs in the nest. Finally, she will cover it all with sand, before returning to the ocean.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2019, Emily Shepard and colleagues in the UK and Germany studied the effect of wind on auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites.
• They found as wind conditions intensified, the birds needed more attempts in order to make a successful landing.
• When the wind was still, almost 100% of landing attempts were successful.
• In a strong breeze, approximately 40% of attempts were successful.
• In near-gale conditions, only around 20% of attempts were successful.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
• Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
• Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
• These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
• Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song popularity.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
• The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
• It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
• It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under King James.
• Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

Jhumpa Lahiri’s story collection Interpreter of Maladies features multiple stories about romantic relationships. In “This Blessed House,” newlyweds argue over whether to replace items left by the previous owners of their new home. ______blank in “A Temporary Matter,” a husband and wife attempt to rekindle their relationship during a four-night blackout.

It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge into the Americas approximately 13,000 years ago. ______blank based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in Mexico, a research team recently suggested that humans may have arrived more than 30,000 years ago—much earlier than previously thought.

In 2019, researcher Patricia Jurado Gonzalez and food historian Nawal Nasrallah prepared a stew from a 4,000-year-old recipe found on a Mesopotamian clay tablet. When they tasted the dish, known as pašrūtum (“unwinding”), they found that it had a mild taste and inspired a sense of calm. ______blank the researchers, knowing that dishes were sometimes named after their intended effects, theorized that the dish’s name, “unwinding,” referred to its function: to help ancient diners relax.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.
• Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing.
• Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.
• It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create backdrops for theater sets.

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer from England who toured the US three times in the early 1900s. The child of a West African father and an English mother, Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. For example, he referred to himself as Anglo-African. ______blank he incorporated the sounds of traditional African music into his classical music compositions.

Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum Coniferophyta) are evergreen. That is, they keep their green leaves or needles year-round. However, not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch trees, ______blank lose their needles every fall.